November 23, 2024
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Exocrine pancreas

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Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)

Pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and other conditions that affect the pancreas cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). People with EPI don’t have enough pancreatic (digestive) enzymes to break down foods and absorb nutrients. It can lead to malnutrition. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) can help.

Overview

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

EPI occurs when your pancreas doesn’t make enough digestive enzymes. Sometimes the enzymes don’t work as they should.

Enzymes are proteins that cause chemical reactions in your body. Digestive enzymes break down food, allowing your body to get nutrients. Children with cystic fibrosis and adults with chronic pancreatitis are most likely to have EPI.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

The pancreas is part of your digestive system. It makes enzymes that aid digestion and help your body absorb nutrients.

When you have EPI, you don’t have enough digestive enzymes. Foods pass through your intestines in a more complete (undigested) state. As a result, your body doesn’t get the nutrients it needs from foods.

The different types of pancreatic enzymes include:

What causes exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in adults?

Chronic pancreatitis is the main cause of EPI in adults. As many as 8 in 10 adults with this disorder develop EPI. Pancreatitis causes inflammation and swelling of the pancreas. Over time, chronic inflammation can damage the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes.

What causes exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in children?

Cystic fibrosis is the top cause of EPI in infants and children. Children inherit cystic fibrosis from a parent. It causes thick mucus to build up in the lungs, making breathing difficult. Mucus also collects in the pancreas, which keeps digestive enzymes from reaching the small intestine.

Nearly 9 in 10 infants with cystic fibrosis develop EPI within the first year. The rest are at risk for developing EPI during childhood or adulthood.

Another inherited condition, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), also causes EPI in children. With SDS, the part of the pancreas that makes enzymes doesn’t work properly.

What are the symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

People with EPI have a particularly difficult time absorbing fats from foods. This leads to uncomfortable digestive problems, such as:

Diagnosis and Tests

How is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) diagnosed?

Many digestive problems cause symptoms similar to EPI. Your healthcare provider may suspect EPI if you have a condition that affects your pancreas.

  • Fecal elastase test (FE-1) to check stool for the presence of the elastase enzyme that helps digest proteins. Little (or no) elastase can indicate EPI.
  • Fecal fat test to measure the amount of fat in stool. A high fat volume may be a sign of EPI.
  • Secretin pancreatic function test to test how the pancreas responds to secretin, a hormone that triggers the release of digestive enzymes. For the test, you receive secretin through an intravenous (IV) line. Your provider uses endoscopic ultrasound to collect fluid and test it for enzymes.

You may also get a CT scan, abdominal ultrasound or other imaging tests. These tests can spot pancreas problems that can lead to EPI.

Management and Treatment

What are the complications of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

People with EPI can’t absorb enough fats, proteins and carbohydrates from foods. This problem is called malabsorption. Your body needs these nutrients for energy and to maintain organ function. Malabsorption of nutrients can lead to malnutrition.

  • Dry skin, brittle nails and hair loss.
  • Depression.
  • Edema (tissue swelling).
  • Fatigue or dizziness.
  • Feeling cold all the time.
  • Irritability.
  • Memory and concentration issues.
  • Muscle loss.

How is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) managed or treated?

EPI is a lifelong condition. Treatments focus on getting your body the nutrients it needs to maintain good health. Treatments include:

  • Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy(PERT): This prescription medication is a substitute for the missing digestive enzymes. You take PERT with meals to help your body break down nutrients in food.
  • High-calorie, high-fat diet: It’s important to get enough calories and fat with your meals. Fat helps your body absorb nutrients. You may benefit from working with a dietitian.
  • Vitamins: You may need to take prescription vitamins to help your body maintain healthy nutrient levels. Your provider may prescribe vitamins A, D, E and K. People with EPI have a harder time absorbing these fat-soluble nutrients from food.

Prevention

How can I prevent exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

It’s helpful to avoid smoking and alcohol use. These substances make your pancreas work harder and can contribute to pancreatitis, which can lead to EPI. Your healthcare provider can offer support to stop using these substances.

Because cystic fibrosis and SDS are inherited, you can’t prevent them or lower the risk of EPI with the conditions. Keeping a close eye on symptoms can help identify possible EPI so you can treat it right away.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the prognosis (outlook) for people who have exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

For a longer, healthier life, it’s important to manage the condition that causes EPI. Most people will always need to use PERT to manage EPI symptoms.

About half of kids with SDS start producing digestive enzymes as they get older. They may be able to stop PERT.

Living With

When should I call the doctor?

You should call your healthcare provider if you experience:

What questions should I ask my doctor?

You may want to ask your healthcare provider:

  • What caused EPI?
  • What is the best treatment for me?
  • What changes should I make to my diet?
  • Should I take vitamins?
  • Should I look out for signs of complications?

Resources

A note from Cleveland Clinic

You can’t cure EPI, but pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy can greatly reduce uncomfortable digestive symptoms. Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for taking PERT, and be sure to take it with every meal or snack. A dietitian can help you get the fats, nutrients and vitamins you need for good health.

Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 06/10/2021.

References

  • American Gastroenterological Association. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI). https://gastro.org/practice-guidance/gi-patient-center/topic/exocrine-pancreatic-insufficiency-epi/ (https://gastro.org/practice-guidance/gi-patient-center/topic/exocrine-pancreatic-insufficiency-epi/) Accessed 2/18/2021.
  • American Gastroenterological Association. Understanding Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI). https://staywell.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?m=61769&i=632012&p=1 (https://staywell.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?m=61769&i=632012&p=1) Accessed 2/18/2021.
  • Lab Tests Online. Pancreatic Insufficiency. https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/pancreatic-insufficiency (https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/pancreatic-insufficiency) Accessed 2/18/2021.
  • Merck Manual. Overview of Malabsorption. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/malabsorption/overview-of-malabsorption (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/malabsorption/overview-of-malabsorption) Accessed 2/18/2021.
  • Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Foundation. About SDS. https://shwachman-diamond.org/about-sds/ (https://shwachman-diamond.org/about-sds/) Accessed 2/18/2021.
  • Singh VK, Haupt ME, et al. Less common etiologies of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(39):7059-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656454/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656454/) Accessed 2/18/2021.
  • Singh VK, Schwarzenberg SJ. Pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 2017;16(2):S70-78. https://www.cysticfibrosisjournal.com/article/S1569-1993(17)30813-5/fulltext (https://www.cysticfibrosisjournal.com/article/S1569-1993(17%2930813-5/fulltext) Accessed 2/18/2021.
  • The National Pancreas Foundation. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI). https://pancreasfoundation.org/patient-information/ailments-pancreas/exocrine-pancreatic-insufficiency-epi/ (https://pancreasfoundation.org/patient-information/ailments-pancreas/exocrine-pancreatic-insufficiency-epi/) Accessed 2/18/2021.

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