Is adh endocrine or exocrine?
Pancreas — example of an organ which is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Insulin produced by endocrine gland portion (islets of Langerhans), digestive enzymes produced by exocrine gland portion (pancreatic ducts deliver digestive enzymes to duodenum).
Hormones are secreted directly into blood.
1) Amines — catecholamines like epinephrine (adrenalin)
3) Steroids–cholesterol derived–like testosterone, estrogen. Target cells have specific receptors for hormones.
Mechanisms of Action: Dependent upon Target Cell.
Steroids– “Mobile-receptor mechanism” Alters transcription.
Thyroxine — action similar to steroids but it is derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
Amines, Polypeptides, Proteins–bind to receptor on cell membrane (“fixed-membrane-receptor mechanism”) which serves to activate a “second messenger.” Second messenger is either calcium or cyclic AMP.
Permissive–estrogen & progesterone. Estrogen stimumates initial thickening of endometrium, progesterone further increases thickness. Without estrogen, progesterone effect would not be as effective.
Pituitary (hypophysis): 2 regions, Anterior and Posterior lobes
Adenohypophsis: Anterior. Glandular — from embryonic gut.
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) (minor regulatory hormone in humans; controls skin pigment in many vertebrates)
Hypothalamus controls release of hormones of anterior pituitary by producing Releasing Hormones–some inhibit release.
Releasing hormone travels to anterior pituitary gland via the “hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system”
Neurohypophysis: Posterior lobe. Neural–really an extension of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus produces hormones–released by neurohypophysis. 2 Hormones produced:Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) & Oxytocin (the love hormone?)
Thyroid: Produces thyroxine and calcitonin.
Thyroxine increases basal metabolism, stimulates growth.”Thyroxine” (or T4) requires iodide/iodine (iodide is the ion, iodine is I2 — our need for iodine in the diet is because of its use in T3 and T4).
Two forms: T3 and T4 (number relates to the 3 or 4 iodide ions).T3 & T4 are complexed with thyroglobulin which is stored in colloid within follicle cavity.
Most endocrine glands do not store their hormones. Why would T3 and T4 be stored?
Calcitonin: lowers calcium and phosphate levels in blood (calcium sent to bones or used by cells).Produced by “parafollicular cells.”
Parathyroid hormone increases level of calcium in blood. (Calcium taken from bone).
Adrenal Gland: a dual organCortex–produces 3 classes of corticosteroids
Medulla–produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.Fight-or-Flight effects
Adrenal glands are affected greatly by stress — release of cortisol by cortex and epinephrine by medulla.
Adrenal production of androgens (e.g., from congenital adrenal hyperplasia) can cause the masculinization of the genitalia as well as masculinization of a number of behavioral characteristics in females.
Testes and Ovaries (gonads): Secrete sex hormones.
Androgens (testosterone). Necessary for maintenance of genitalia and accessory structures, in addition to secondary sexual characteristics.
Ovarian follicles secrete estrogens prior to ovulation. After ovulation the follicle becomes the corpus luteum and secretes progesterone
Placenta Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) –secreted early by placenta–used to test for pregnancy.
Kidneys produce a variety of hormones related to the circulatory system.
Erythropoietin – increases red blood cell numbers.Renin – increases blood pressure
Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin: role in circadian rhythms (jet lag), sleep cycle.
“Melatonin: The Natural Sleeping Pill” Does Melotonin decrease as we age?
Heart: produces atriopeptin — promotes loss of sodium and water in urinary system. Antagonistics to aldosterone.
Digestive system: covered in that section.
Prostaglandins: An “autocrine”–produced in same organ in which it exerts its effect. Serve as regulators in many systems–reproductive, digestive, circulatory, excretory.
Example–prostaglandins and uterine contraction: Anaprox (naproxin), a medication for menstrual cramps, inhibits PG synthesis. PG can induce labor, and used in abortions.
Disorders of Endocrine Glands
Pituitary: inadequate GH or GH receptor — dwarfism or midget. Short stature, but body is porportional. (Note: achrondroplasia causes a type of dwarfism in which the limbs are short, but the head and chest are close to “normal.” Due to abnormal growth of cartilage).
Growth Hormone stimulates liver to produce “insulin-like growth factor type 1” (IGF-1 or somatomedin). IGF-1 stimulates growth of bones and muscles — thus, IGF-1 has direct effects and GH has indirect effects on growth. Pygmies have differences in GH receptor expression.
Under secretion of ADH – diabetes insipidus (excessive urination)
1) Cushing’s Syndrome–hypersecretion of corticosteriods. Moon face (facial swelling); Buffalo Hump
2) Addison’s disease – underactivity of adrenal cortex. Life threatening since cortisol is important for long term maintenance of blood glucose.
Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) Common Symptom is Bulging Eyes (Exophthalmus)
Trivia Question: What famous “Young Frankenstein” actor had exophthalmus?
Parathyroid: hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.
Diabetes Mellitus. The 3 P’s of Diabetes
Type 1 — insulin dependent. Autoimmune attack on Beta cells of islets
Type II — non-insulin dependent, can be controlled by diet and exercise.Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar